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Double Tax Avoidance Agreement
1. Parties: Identification of the contracting states entering into the agreement
2. Background: Context of the agreement, including the desire to promote economic cooperation and avoid double taxation
3. Definitions: Detailed definitions of key terms including 'resident', 'permanent establishment', 'dividends', 'interest', etc.
4. Scope of Agreement: Specification of taxes and entities covered by the agreement
5. Residence: Rules for determining tax residence and handling dual residence situations
6. Permanent Establishment: Definition and rules regarding what constitutes a permanent establishment
7. Income from Immovable Property: Treatment of income derived from real estate and natural resources
8. Business Profits: Rules for taxation of business profits and attribution to permanent establishments
9. Shipping and Air Transport: Special provisions for international transport operations
10. Associated Enterprises: Transfer pricing and related party transaction provisions
11. Dividends: Treatment of dividend payments between the contracting states
12. Interest: Rules governing taxation of interest payments
13. Royalties: Provisions regarding taxation of royalty payments
14. Capital Gains: Treatment of gains from alienation of property
15. Employment Income: Rules for taxation of salaries, wages, and other employment remuneration
16. Elimination of Double Taxation: Methods for avoiding double taxation (credit or exemption method)
17. Non-discrimination: Provisions ensuring fair treatment of residents of both states
18. Mutual Agreement Procedure: Process for resolving disputes between tax authorities
19. Exchange of Information: Framework for information sharing between tax authorities
20. Entry into Force: Provisions regarding when the agreement becomes effective
21. Termination: Conditions and process for terminating the agreement
1. Technical Services: Special provisions for taxation of technical services fees, included when significant technical service transactions occur between the states
2. Digital Economy: Provisions addressing digital business activities and e-commerce, included for agreements between states with significant digital economy concerns
3. Limitation of Benefits: Anti-abuse provisions to prevent treaty shopping, included when there are specific concerns about treaty abuse
4. Assistance in Collection: Provisions for mutual assistance in tax collection, included when both states agree to provide collection assistance
5. Territorial Extension: Provisions extending the agreement to overseas territories or special administrative regions, included when relevant
6. Offshore Activities: Special provisions for offshore activities including oil and gas exploration, included when relevant to the contracting states
1. Schedule A - Taxes Covered: Detailed list of specific taxes in each state covered by the agreement
2. Schedule B - Withholding Tax Rates: Table of applicable withholding tax rates for different types of income
3. Schedule C - Competent Authorities: Designation of competent authorities in each state and their contact information
4. Appendix 1 - Exchange of Information Procedures: Detailed procedures for requesting and providing tax information
5. Appendix 2 - Mutual Agreement Procedure Guidelines: Detailed guidelines for implementing the mutual agreement procedure
6. Appendix 3 - Anti-Abuse Provisions: Detailed explanations and examples of anti-abuse provisions application
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